Studies reveal that without proper ongoing assistance, even the most well-intentioned families struggle to provide adequate racial socialisation, cultural enrichment, advocacy against discrimination, and identity affirmation (Lee 2003; Mohanty 2007; Tuan 2008). Yet too often, support drops off after legal finalisation, leaving adoptees isolated and families unprepared as challenges emerge (Brodzinsky 2013) . Scholars emphasise the need for lifelong learning, assessment, and skill-building so adopters can adapt to adoptees’ evolving identity integration needs (Vonk et al. 2010, Baden et al. 2012).

With research-grounded, culturally conscious post-adoption support, agencies can nurture transracial adoptees’ pride in their heritage and fulfilment of their potential.